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Kaopectate II
Medicine Brands

Kaopectate II: Mechanism of Action, Active Ingredient, Uses, and Side Effects

by Healthlinear
written by Healthlinear

Kaopectate II Active Ingredient

Kaopectate II contains Loperamide as an active ingredient. Loperamide is used to treat diarrhea.

Kaopectate II Mechanism of Action

Loperamide helps to minimize fecal incontinence and urgency by increasing the tone of the anal sphincter.

Kaopectate II Side Effects

  • Constipation
  • Fatigue
  • Blood in stool
  • Rash
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Abdominal pain
  • Difficulty in breathing

What is the difference between Kaopectate and Imodium?

Kaopectate contains bismuth subsalicylate as an active ingredient while Imodium has loperamide as an active ingredient. Both are used in the treatment of diarrhea and stomach upset.

How long does it take for Kaopectate II to work?

After taking a single dose of 4mg, Kaopectate shows the onset of anti-diarrheal action in an hour.

Kaopectate and Imodium are trade names of?

Loperamide; an anti-diarrheal drug, is sold under the following trade names:

  • Imodium
  • Kaopectate 1-D
  • Maalox Anti-Diarrheal
  • Pepto Diarrhea Control

Are Kaopectate and Imodium the same?

Kaopectate is a drug that is used to treat diarrhea, nausea, heartburn, indigestion, gas, and stomach distress. It works by assisting in the slowing down of microorganisms that can cause diarrhea.

Imodium Capsule is an anti-diarrhea medication. It should not be given to patients who have dysentery.

Can I take Imodium and Kaopectate at the same time?

Taking some medications at the same time can produce an interaction known as drug-drug interaction. Interactions can reduce the effectiveness of one or more of the medications involved. They can also make you more susceptible to negative effects of drugs.

As a result, you should avoid taking Imodium A-D and Pepto-Bismol / Kaopectate at the same time. Putting them simultaneously won't make them work better for you. Rather, it can put you at risk for untoward effects.

Before using Imodium A-D, Pepto-Bismol, or Kaopectate, consult your doctor if you are taking any other medications.

References

https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/522#gref
Kaopectate 1-D (Generic Loperamide)
https://www.medicinenet.com/loperamide-oral_capsule_tablet/article.htm
https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-56331-4025/pepto-diarrhea-control-oral/loperamide-oral/details
https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/medicine/kaopectate
https://www.healthline.com/health/diarrhea/Imodium-ad-vs-pepto-bismol#interactions
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Auvi-Q
Medicine Brands

Auvi-Q (Epinephrine Injection): Uses, Dosage and Side Effects

by Healthlinear
written by Healthlinear

Auvi-Q contains epinephrine. It is a prescription medicine. It is used to treat anaphylactic shacks.

Auvi-Q Uses

This medicine is intended to treat severe allergic responses to insect stings/bites, foods, medications, or other substances in the event of an emergency. Epinephrine improves breathing, stimulates the heart, reverses hives, raises blood pressure, and reduces swelling in the face, lips, and neck promptly.

Side Effects of Auvi-Q

The most common side effects of Auvi-Q include:

  • Headache
  • Palpitations
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Dizziness
  • Nervousness
  • Anxiety
  • Sweating
  • Weakness
  • Breathing issues

The elderly population is at greater risk to experience adverse effects.

How to Use Auvi-Q?

  • It is a one-use injector.
  • Should only be injected into the area of the outer thigh.
  • Should not be injected in areas of fingertips, buttock, veins, hands, feet, and toes.

Degradation

Epinephrine is a light-sensitive drug. It should be protected from exposure to light. When exposed to air or light, epinephrine solution quickly degrades, turning brown from the creation of melanin, and pink from oxidation to adrenochrome. Patients should be instructed to visually inspect the epinephrine solution through the viewing glass regularly.

References

https://www.rxlist.com/auvi-q-drug.htm
https://www.auvi-q.com/
https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-163215/auvi-q-injection/details

Click to access 201739s008s009lbl.pdf

https://www.drugs.com/auvi-q.html

Image From: auvi-q.com

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Arsobal: Dosing, Uses, Contraindications and Side Effects
Medicine Brands

Arsobal: Dosing, Uses, Contraindications and Side Effects

by Healthlinear
written by Healthlinear

Arsobal contains Melarsoprol which is classified as an antimalarial drug. Melarsoprol is a drug that is used to cure African sleeping sickness, a parasitic infection.

Active Ingredient

Melarsoprol

Arsobal Side effects

Side effects of Arsobal include vomiting, hypertension, peripheral neuropathy, encephalopathy, and albuminuria.

Is it Safe in Pregnancy?

Arsobal is an investigational new drug (IND). There have been no studies conducted to determine the pregnancy category of this drug. In the US, it is not available commercially.

Arsobal Contraindications

  • Hypersensitivity
  • G6PD (Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) deficiency

Uses

Arosbal is used in the treatment of African sleeping sickness also known as African Trypanosomiasis.

Arsobal Dosage Form

It is available in parenteral dosage form. Contains 180 mg/5 mL (36 mg/mL) in a 5 mL glass ampule.

Who Manufactures Arsobal?

It is manufactured by Sanofi Aventis.

(Important* The drug is not commercially available in the US and Canada)

References

https://www.drugs.com/cons/arsobal.html
https://reference.medscape.com/drug/arsobal-melarsoprol-342662#0
https://www.cdc.gov/laboratory/drugservice/formulary.html
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Ketarol
Medicine Brands

Ketarol: Uses, Precautions and Manufacture

by Healthlinear
written by Healthlinear

Ketarol Active Ingredient:

The active ingredient of Ketarol is Ketamine Hydrochloride (HCL).

How Does Ketarol Work?

The neurological system is influenced by Ketarol Injection.

Ketarol Injection Should not be used

The effects of Ketarol Injection may alter if you use other medications or over-the-counter remedies at the same time. This could make you more susceptible to negative effects or cause your medication to stop working effectively. Ketarol may not be used with alcohol, aminophylline, halothane, midazolam, pancuronium, vecuronium, thyroxin, enflurane, and ergometrine.

Ketarol Injection Strength

Ketarole injection is available in the following packaging

  • 50mg/Ml (500 mg/10 Ml) Injection IM/IV in 10Ml USP Type I clear colorless glass vial

Precautions

Precautionary measures for use of Ketarol should be considered under the following circumstances:

Do not use machinery or drive a car. Six hours before administration, do not eat or drink anything. Alcoholism, substance addiction, mental health issues, glaucoma, porphyria, or fits are all possible causes of fits. If you're expecting a child or if you're nursing a baby.

Ketarol Uses

The injection of ketarol HCL is used to induce anesthesia before administering other general anesthetic drugs.

Ketarol manufacturer

In Pakistan, it is manufactured by Global Pharmaceuticals.

References

https://www.drugs.com/international/ketarol.html
https://www.tabletwise.net/philippines/ketarol-injection

http://www.druginfosys.com/brand.aspx?code=1445

https://www.ndrugs.com/?s=ketarol#doctor_indications
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Forane
Medicine Brands

Forane: Uses, Indications and Dosage

by Healthlinear
written by Healthlinear

What is Forane?

Forane (isoflurane USP liquid for induction of anesthesia) is classified as a general anesthetic. It is a prescription-only medicine.

Forane Indications:

Forane is used

  • For general anesthesia induction and maintenance.
  • This halogenated general anesthetic can also be used in the intensive therapy unit to sedate patients on a ventilator for up to 48 hours.

Forane Dosage

To induce anesthesia 1.5% to 3.0% of the inspired concentration is enough to induce anesthesia within 7-10 minutes which is required to perform a surgical procedure. When nitrous oxide is utilized concurrently, surgical stages of anesthesia can be maintained with a 1.0 to 2.5 percent dosage administration. When isoflurane is administered with only oxygen, an extra 0.5 to 1.0 percent may be necessary. Supplemental doses of muscle relaxants may be administered if additional relaxation is required.

Isoflurane USP for Veterinary Use

It is an inhalational anesthetic designated to be used in the veterinary treatment of dogs and horses. 

How Forane is Supplied?

Isoflurane USP (Forane) is available in 100ml and 200ml bottles composed of amber-colored glass or aluminum.

Who Manufactures Forane / Isoflurane USP?

Following are the names of some manufacturers:

  • Forane by Getz Pharma
  • Forane by Arkema (R-22 retrofits, Refrigerants,134A, 427A, 449A)
  • Forane 100ml by Abbott

References

https://www.drugs.com/vet/isoflurane-usp.html
https://getzpharma.com/product/forane/
https://www.forane.com/en/
https://www.forane.com/en/forane-refrigerants/
https://www.rxlist.com/forane-drug.htm#indications
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Imodium
Medicine Brands

Imodium A-D Uses, Side effects and Interactions

by Healthlinear
written by Healthlinear

Loperamide is marketed under the brand name Imodium, which is also stylized as Imodium A-D. Imodium, unlike Lomotil, is available over-the-counter (OTC). As a result, it's more generally accessible.

How does Imodium work?

Imodium contains Loperamide HCl as an active ingredient. It works by decreasing peristaltic movements.

Imodium A-D Side Effects

  • Drowsiness
  • Dizziness
  • Dry mouth
  • Constipation
  • Flatulence
  • Nausea

How long does Imodium take to work?

The onset of action of Imodium is one hour. Once you orally take the medicine, it takes almost an hour when the drug shows its effect.

How long does Imodium last?

It takes roughly 11 hours for the level of Imodium in your body to drop by half after you stop taking it. Imodium will have less and less of an effect on regulating your diarrhea after this period of time. The medicine will usually be eliminated from your body in 2 to 3 days.

Imodium A-D Uses

diarrhea

Is it safe to take Imodium during pregnancy?

It may be safe to take Imodium as directed on occasion during pregnancy, but there is no evidence that it is safe. Imodium is classified as a category C medication. Prescription and over-the-counter drugs are classified by the FDA to reflect how safe or hazardous they are during pregnancy. A category c medication is in the middle and falls into the gray area. There may have been some risk of harm to a fetus in animal studies, but there are no controlled pregnancy trials to assess the safety of category C medications. The general rule with most category C medications is that the benefits should outweigh any potential hazards. Pregnant women, on the other hand, should not make this decision on their own. They should instead consult with their doctor, who will advise them on the best course of action.

Imodium A-D Interactions

  • Cholestyramine
  • Bethanechol
  • Cisapride
  • Metoclopramide
  • Erythromycin

Imodium Dosage Forms

Imodium comes in the following formulations

  • Caplets are capsule-shaped tablets that help with indigestion.
  • Softgels are liquid-filled capsules that help with indigestion.
  • Oral solution is a liquid that is used to treat indigestion.
  • Imodium Multi-Symptom Relief caplets are capsule-shaped tablets that treat a variety of symptoms

References

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/imodium#how-it-works
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/imodium#fa-qs
Lomotil vs. Imodium: Differences, similarities, and which is better for you
https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-limits-packaging-anti-diarrhea-medicine-loperamide-imodium-encourage-safe-use
https://www.imodium.com/anti-diarrhea-medicine
https://www.medicinenet.com/loperamide/article.htm#which_drugs_or_supplements_interact_with_loperamide
https://www.rxlist.com/imodium-drug.htm#description
Taking Imodium While Pregnant: What You Need to Know
https://www.imodium-me.com/how-does-imodium-work
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Akineton
Medicine BrandsUncategorized

Akineton: Uses, Dosage, Indications, and Side Effects

by Healthlinear
written by Healthlinear

Dosage form:

Oral tablets (Prolonged-release) 4mg, 2mg

Active ingredient:

Biperiden hydrochloride

What is Akineton used for?

A prescription-only drug Akineton; is primarily used to treat all forms of Parkinson’s disease. Other therapeutic indications include

  • Drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms
  • Excito-motor phenomena
  • Akinesia
  • Rigidity
  • Akathisia
  • Acute dystonia

Akineton is also available in 5mg/ml ampules.

Contraindications

  • Hypersensitivity
  • Narrow-angle glaucoma
  • Megacolon

Akineton Drug Interactions

  • Levodopa
  • Carbidopa
  • Metoclopramide
  • Pethidine

Akineton Side effects

Side effects are more likely to develop at the start of therapy and when the dosage is increased too rapidly.

Patients with symptoms of a cerebral deficit are more likely to have central excitation effects, which may need a dose reduction.

  • Excitement
  • Agitation
  • Fear
  • Confusion
  • Delirious syndromes
  • Hallucinations
  • Sleeplessness
  • Nervousness
  • Euphoria
  • Fatigue
  • Dizziness
  • Disturbance of memory
  • Headache
  • Dyskinesia
  • Ataxia and speaking disorder
  • Increased disposition to cerebral seizures
  • Convulsions
  • Disturbance of accommodation
  • Mydriasis
  • Photosensitivity
  • Closed-angle glaucoma might occur (controlling of intraocular pressure)
  • Tachycardia
  • Bradycardia
  • Dryness of mouth
  • Nausea
  • Constipation
  • Reduced perspiration
  • Allergic rash
  • Muscle twitching
  • Voiding disorders
  • Urinary retention
  • Drowsiness
Headache

How do you use Akineton?

Treatment usually starts with a 2mg per day dose and then the dosage gradually increases. The maximum daily dose should not exceed 16mg per day. Always follow your doctor's or pharmacist's instructions when using this medication. If you're not sure, ask your doctor or pharmacist.

This medication must be dosed on an individual basis.

Treatment should begin with the lowest dose feasible and gradually rise to the level that is most effective for you.

References

Click to access AT_H_0521_002_FinalSPC.pdf

Click to access AT_H_0521_001_FinalPL.pdf

https://www.drugs.com/pro/akineton.html
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Mesnex
Medicine Brands

Mesnex: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage Forms, and Manufacturers

by Healthlinear
written by Healthlinear

Mesnex is a chemo protectant that may be taken as injections or pills. It has also been studied as a mucolytic agent in experimental trials.

What is Mesnex used for?

It is used as a preventative measure to reduce the risk of ifosfamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis.

Mesnex Dosage Forms

  • 1 g Multidose Vial, and 100 mg/mL injection.
  • Pills are film-coated tablets containing 400 mg of mesna.

Side effects of Mesnex observed with Ifosfamide

Side effects with ifosfamide may include:

  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Constipation
  • Leukopenia
  • Fatigue
  • Fever
  • Anorexia
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Anemia
  • Granulocytopenia
  • Diarrhea
  • Asthenia
  • Abdominal pain
  • Headache
  • Alopecia
  • Somnolence

Monitoring / Limitations associated with the use

Providers must also check urine for indications of hematuria, as well as urinary output and hydration status while administering mesnex.

Therapeutic Indications

Used in patients receiving ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide/chemotherapy in urotoxic dosages, for the avoidance of urothelial toxicity, including hemorrhagic cystitis, microhematuria, and macrohematuria.

IV incompatibilities

Mesna is not compatible with platinum analogs (such as Cisplatin, Carboplatin, and Nitrogen Mustard) and should not be used together in the same infusion solution.

Pregnancy and Contraception

Ifosfamide is used in conjunction with MESNEX. When given to a pregnant woman, ifosfamide or other cytotoxic drugs can damage the fetus. Female patients should be told of the dangers to the fetus and the possibility of losing the pregnancy.

Females of reproductive age should use contraceptive methods while treatment with MESNEX in conjunction with ifosfamide, as well as for six months after the final dose.

During therapy with MESNEX in conjunction with ifosfamide and for three months following the final dosage, male patients with female partners of reproductive potential should utilize effective contraception.

Self-Care Advice for using tablets

Unless otherwise directed, drink at least two to three quarts of liquids per 24 hours.

Who Manufactures Mesnex?

Following are names of some manufacturers

  • Baxter Healthcare Ltd
  • Bristol Labs
  • Fresenius Kabi
  • Dr. Reddy's Laboratories

Alternative Brands

  • Uromitexan
  • Mesna
  • Mistabron
  • Mistabronco

References

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3936867/
https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB09110
https://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/drug-info/mesna.aspx
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556021/
https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=49fdfbc3-69f8-4706-9d11-bf60e4e7811b
https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-63804/mesna-oral/details
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Nebupent
Medicine Brands

Nebupent: Active ingredient, Mechanism of Action, and Indications

by Healthlinear
written by Healthlinear

What is NebuPent

NebuPent contains Pentamidine which is an anti-infective agent. It is a prescription-only drug.

NubePent Active Ingredient

Pentamidine isethionate

How do you take NebuPent? / How do you administer NebuPent?

Only for Oral Inhalation

For the prevention of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, an adult should take 300 mg of NebuPent once every four weeks via the nebulizer. The contents in the vial need to be reconstituted with sterile water (6ml) for injection before administering. The reconstituted contents in the vial should be placed in the nebulizer. Until the nebulizer chamber is emptied, the dose should be administered in approximately 30 to 45 minutes. It is recommended to use freshly prepared aerosol solutions. If protected from light, the solution is stable for 48 hours (at room temperature, and protected from light).

Mechanism of action

According to studies, the pentamidine isethionate inhibits DNA, RNA, phospholipid, and protein production, interfering with microbial nuclear breakdown. The mechanism of action, on the other hand, is not entirely understood.

Is NebuPent safe in pregnancy?

When given to a pregnant woman, NebuPent can be harmful to the fetus. Only if plainly necessary may it be given to a pregnant woman.

Indications

It is used to prevent Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in susceptible HIV patients. It is also used to treat Pneumocystis carinii.

References

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=e2ad9d3c-b6c3-4f70-87e0-722a8ff94ccb##
https://www.rxlist.com/nebupent-drug.htm

Click to access 019887s014lbl.pdf

https://www.rxlist.com/nebupent-drug.htm#precautions
https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a601208.html#:~:text=Pentamidine%20is%20an%20anti%2Dinfective,or%20pharmacist%20for%20more%20information.
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Vaniqa
Medicine Brands

Vaniqa Cream: Active ingredient, Use, and Mechanism of action

by Healthlinear
written by Healthlinear

Vaniqa is a face cream brand that is intended to treat uninvited hair on women's faces and necks. It is not advised for use in men. The cream is applied straight to the skin on the neck and face, where the undesired hair is. NHS has allowed only restricted use of this cream due to limited clinical evidence available. This medicine is only available on prescription.

Vaniqa Mechanism of Action

Eflornithine is the active ingredient found in Vaniqa. Eflornithine inhibits the activity of ornithine decarboxylase, an enzyme present in the hair follicles. Hair development is slowed when this enzyme is blocked.

Cream Active Ingredient

Eflornithine hydrochloride 11.5%

What is Vaniqa Generic?

In the United States, no therapeutically similar version of Vaniqa is currently available. The cream is used to help ladies get rid of unappealing facial hair.

Does it permanently remove hair?

Cream does not eradicate facial hair permanently or stop hair growth.

Side effects

  • Skin irritation
  • Skin tingling
  • Rash
  • Dryness

References

https://www.canadamedpharmacy.com/drug/vaniqa-cream
https://www.drugs.com/availability/generic-vaniqa.html
https://www.doctorfox.co.uk/female-facial-hair/faqs.html
https://herefordshireandworcestershireccg.nhs.uk/policies/clinical-medicines-commissioning/clinical-policies-and-guidance/skin/293-eflornithine-vaniqa-cream-for-facial-hirsutism-position-statement/file

Click to access 2018%20Updated%20Guideline%20for%20Eflornithine.pdf

Click to access eflornithine_hirsutism.pdf

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