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Akineton
Medicine BrandsUncategorized

Akineton: Uses, Dosage, Indications, and Side Effects

by Healthlinear
written by Healthlinear

Dosage form:

Oral tablets (Prolonged-release) 4mg, 2mg

Active ingredient:

Biperiden hydrochloride

What is Akineton used for?

A prescription-only drug Akineton; is primarily used to treat all forms of Parkinson’s disease. Other therapeutic indications include

  • Drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms
  • Excito-motor phenomena
  • Akinesia
  • Rigidity
  • Akathisia
  • Acute dystonia

Akineton is also available in 5mg/ml ampules.

Contraindications

  • Hypersensitivity
  • Narrow-angle glaucoma
  • Megacolon

Akineton Drug Interactions

  • Levodopa
  • Carbidopa
  • Metoclopramide
  • Pethidine

Akineton Side effects

Side effects are more likely to develop at the start of therapy and when the dosage is increased too rapidly.

Patients with symptoms of a cerebral deficit are more likely to have central excitation effects, which may need a dose reduction.

  • Excitement
  • Agitation
  • Fear
  • Confusion
  • Delirious syndromes
  • Hallucinations
  • Sleeplessness
  • Nervousness
  • Euphoria
  • Fatigue
  • Dizziness
  • Disturbance of memory
  • Headache
  • Dyskinesia
  • Ataxia and speaking disorder
  • Increased disposition to cerebral seizures
  • Convulsions
  • Disturbance of accommodation
  • Mydriasis
  • Photosensitivity
  • Closed-angle glaucoma might occur (controlling of intraocular pressure)
  • Tachycardia
  • Bradycardia
  • Dryness of mouth
  • Nausea
  • Constipation
  • Reduced perspiration
  • Allergic rash
  • Muscle twitching
  • Voiding disorders
  • Urinary retention
  • Drowsiness
Headache

How do you use Akineton?

Treatment usually starts with a 2mg per day dose and then the dosage gradually increases. The maximum daily dose should not exceed 16mg per day. Always follow your doctor's or pharmacist's instructions when using this medication. If you're not sure, ask your doctor or pharmacist.

This medication must be dosed on an individual basis.

Treatment should begin with the lowest dose feasible and gradually rise to the level that is most effective for you.

References

Click to access AT_H_0521_002_FinalSPC.pdf

Click to access AT_H_0521_001_FinalPL.pdf

https://www.drugs.com/pro/akineton.html
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sulfasalazine and folic acid
MedicinesUncategorized

Sulfasalazine and Folic Acid Concomitant Use: When and Why?

by Healthlinear
written by Healthlinear

What is Sulfasalazine?

Sulfasalazine/sulphasalazine is a sulphonamide (amino salicylic acid molecule) that is approved for the treatment of active Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis, as well as the induction and management of remission in ulcerative colitis.

What is Folic Acid?

Folic Acid is also sometimes named Vitamin B9. It is man-made folate. It is considered one of the important cofactors for the enzymes involved in the synthesis of DNA and RNA. Folic acid is used to prevent and treat folic acid deficiency in megaloblastic anemia and nutritional anemias, as well as during pregnancy, infancy, and childhood. To lower the chance of neural tube abnormalities and other birth problems, folic acid is given to women who are planning to get pregnant as well as in the early months of pregnancy. It also plays an essential role as a protective factor in cancer development. Because humans are unable to produce folic acid on their own, deficits must be avoided through diet and supplementation.

Does sulfasalazine cause folate deficiency in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)?

Sulfasalazine reduces folic acid absorption and metabolism, but only rarely causes folate insufficiency in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Even though sulfasalazine has been used to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) for many years, few people have reported developing sulfasalazine-associated folate deficiency anemia. Only when there are other reasons for folate insufficiency has this condition been deemed a danger.

Does sulfasalazine cause folate deficiency in rheumatoid arthritis?

Although sulfasalazine inhibits folic acid absorption and metabolism, it only rarely causes folate insufficiency in people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, serum and red blood cell folate contents are commonly low in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and sulfasalazine may disrupt folate metabolism.

Why do RA patients take folic acid?

Methotrexate is a drug that is prescribed by doctors to treat a variety of illnesses, particularly adult rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and serious psoriasis.

Methotrexate, on the other hand, depletes the body of folic acid, potentially leading to folic acid deficiency. Taking folic acid with methotrexate does not reduce the effectiveness of methotrexate in treating RA. As a result, supplementing with folic acid to compensate for the folate lost while taking methotrexate helps to lessen the negative effects of folate insufficiency without interfering with RA treatment. Methotrexate can produce folate deficiency, which can have several unpleasant side effects. These negative effects, on the other hand, can often be avoided by taking folic acid.

Beverley Shea and colleagues' Cochrane Review suggests that, given the low cost of folic acid supplements and the numerous benefits it provides, as well as the lack of evidence that it reduces methotrexate efficacy, it should be used in all rheumatoid arthritis patients who are taking or beginning to take Methotrexate.

Another study published in 2004 in the “Rheumatology” a scientific Journal of Oxford Academic proposes that all patients receiving methotrexate for the treatment of RA be given folic acid supplements on a regular basis. A dosage of 5 mg of oral folic acid should be administered the morning after the day of administration of methotrexate, is recommended.

Sulfasalazine and folic acid in pregnancy

Sulfasalazine has been proven to impede folic acid metabolism and absorption, potentially leading to folic acid insufficiency. Supplemental folic acid may be required for pregnant women receiving sulfasalazine therapy.

Plaquenil (Hydroxychloroquine) and Azulfidine (Sulfasalazine)

Rheumatoid arthritis is treated with Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine) and Azulfidine EN-tabs (sulfasalazine delayed-release tablets).

Food sources of Folate

  • Green leafy vegetables (spinach and broccoli)
  • Sprouts and legumes
  • Organ meat (liver and kidney)
  • Peanuts
  • Peas
  • Soybeans
  • Mushrooms, Okra, and Asparagus
Spinach

Sulfasalazine available brands

  • Salazine
  • Sulfine
  • Azulfidine tablets

Folic Acid available brands in the USA

  • Folic Acid Tablet (dosage 1mg/oral tab)
  • Acid injection (5mg/ml USP)
  • Folic Acid tablet (25mg)
  • Folic Acid tablet (5mg)

Abbrevations

RA : Rheumatoid Arthritis

References

https://www.medicinesinpregnancy.org/bumps/monographs/USE-OF-SULFASALAZINE-IN-PREGNANCY/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080552323617829
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/03009748509100404
https://www.healthline.com/health/rheumatoid-arthritis/folic-acid-for-methotrexate-side-effects
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.ED000063/full
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323500
https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/43/3/267/1774685
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Ibuprofen & Bactrim
Pain ReliefSymptomsUncategorized

Can you take Ibuprofen with Bactrim?

by Healthlinear
written by Healthlinear

Ibuprofen and Bactrim are two different kinds of medications, however many people wonder if they can take ibuprofen with Bactrim or not. Simply when you are using two different medications, you should know if there are possible adverse effects of using both these drugs together or not. Then there are also drug interactions that you should watch out for as they can increase or decrease the absorption of the other drug.

Bactrim Oral

Bactrim is the combination of two antibacterial drugs known as trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. Both of them are generic antibiotics. Both these drugs act together to stop and prevent intestinal, urinary, respiratory, and middle ear infections. Even though this drug is used for these infections, you should only b taking it on the advice of your doctor. These drugs are prescription-only because misuse of such medications can lead to resistance in the patients. When the Bactrim DS is prescribed to you should take it regularly for the prescribed period, and the prescribed dose should be taken as well to avoid any complications.

Ibuprofen

Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medicine. Due to this reason, this question about whether can you take ibuprofen with Bactrim or not is acknowledged. The ibuprofen is an anti-inflammatory drug, and it also controls the pain in your body by activating certain enzymes. This is the most commonly used painkiller, and it is also used in fever.

Can you take Ibuprofen with Bactrim together

The Bactrim and ibuprofen can be taken together when your doctor prescribes you. he does it because he has your best interest in mind. Usually, both are given together because patients can experience fever and pain in an infection. When two drugs are taken together, they may alter the effect of each other. This causes a change in the expected result of the drug.

Usually, if the drug interaction is too severe, then the pharmacist will advise you against using these medications together. If anything, you can take a gap between each of the medications as well. When it comes to Bactrim and ibuprofen, there is only one minor drug interaction between these two. The drug interaction that is caused is because of the ibuprofen. This drug will increase the effect and absorption of Bactrim. This effect is not bothersome at all, but you can use it as per the instructions of your doctor and pharmacist.

Avoiding the adverse effect after taking Ibuprofen with Bactrim

Now your question of whether can you take ibuprofen with Bactrim or not has been answered. You should know how you can avoid this interaction from happening completely. If the drugs have been prescribed by your doctor, then you can continue taking them together; the interaction is minor. But otherwise, you can give some gap between these two medications.

Since it is the metabolism of the Bactrim that will be altered, you can take almost an hour gap between these two medications. If you have to take them together, then you can do that as well. Make sure to show compliance with your doctor’s prescription. You can also go for other drugs like acetaminophen with Bactrim instead of ibuprofen.

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Asymmetrical Face
Uncategorized

Asymmetrical Face and its Causes

by Healthlinear
written by Healthlinear

Looking yourself in the mirror and seeing that you have an asymmetrical face is something that most people can’t help themselves with. But the truth is that everyone has a little bit of asymmetry in their face. Having an asymmetrical face is nothing that is medically concerning, but If anyone ever gets it fixed, it is for esthetic purposes. Every very slight difference in each side of your face can bother some people, and that is why they get this fixed with the help of a cosmetic surgeon or an esthetician. Usually, a person may not have an asymmetrical face, but some of the habits in the person can cause the asymmetry of their face.

There is no way you can reverse what has happened, so the best thing to do at this point is to get some treatment procedures done. Some of the serious reasons that can majorly cause the asymmetry of the face is the condition known as Bell’s palsy.

What causes the asymmetrical face?

There are many things like some of the diseases and your habits that can lead to asymmetrical faces. Following are some of the things that can cause facial asymmetry

Genetics

Genetics is the main cause of causing the asymmetry in the patient. If you have this thing in your genes, there is nothing that you can do to avoid having an asymmetrical face. Some of the people have prominent asymmetry in their lips, and that is because of their genetics. Cleft lip and palate and some vascular disorders also happen because of genetics. So, all in all, genetics play a great role in causing asymmetry.

Aging

As you age, your skin will start to sag and will lose its elasticity, and this will cause asymmetry in your face as well. Even though you stop growing, the cartilages of your body will continue to grow, including your nose and ears as well. So, they will get bigger and will cause asymmetry in your face.

Sun damage

As you know that UV rays are responsible for causing the going process to start faster in your skin. Your loose skin, collagen, etc., usually, the damage to both parts of your face is the same, but sometimes it may affect one part more than the others and can cause asymmetry In your face.

Bell’s palsy

Bell palsy is a serious condition ad even though it is a temporary one, but it is an extreme form of the asymmetrical face. This usually happens in a person after pregnancy or in viral disease. Thin this condition, a person may lose one side of their nerves in their face causing a severe asymmetry.

Torticollis

Torticollis is a condition in which your neck is a little twisted, causing asymmetry in your face. To some people, this can happen in a womb, or when they have difficult eyesight, so they twist their neck to see properly.

Stroke

Stroke is also a condition in which one side of your brain gets damaged, causing paralysis in the opposite side of your body; when this happens, you will feel numbness in one side of your face. This will also become the reason behind the asymmetrical face.

How to check if have a asymmetrical face

Checking if your face is asymmetrical or not is very easy. The easiest way to do this is to print a picture of you where you are staring straight ahead. Another way is to do it in front of a mirror with a marker that can be easily removed from the mirror. To check the symmetry of your face, you need to match the point from each side of the face to the other side. Try see if the line goes straight or not. Following are the points you need to match for this test

  • The only vertical line that you have to make is to mark the highest point of your forehead to your chin.
  • Next up, you need to join the outer corner of your eyes.
  • Now join the inner corner of your eyes with a line.
  • Join the highest point of your lips and the outer corner of your lips as well.
  • The widest parts of your nostrils need to be joined as well.
  • Join the widest point of your face, which is either cheekbones or the point where your jawline starts.

If any of these lines don’t go straight, that indicated an asymmetrical face. If you don’t know how to do it yourself, you can visit a facial esthetician, and they will tell you if your face is asymmetrical or not. You can also know that with the help of several face applications. They will rate the symmetry of your face for free. This way, you can know if your face is symmetrical or asymmetrical and will tell you how to fix it.

How to get rid of asymmetrical face

If you have an asymmetrical face and it bothers you a lot, then there are a few cosmetic procedures that you can go for. Following is what needs to be done when you want to have asymmetry in your face.

Rhinoplasty

Usually, it bothers people the most in the asymmetrical face is their nose. You can get that fixed with rhinoplasty. Rhinoplasty is done for a broken nose or can also be done as correction surgery. The shape of your nose is altered as you desire in this surgical procedure.

Fillers

Fillers are the other way to get symmetry in your face. You can have some of the saggy areas filled to make it equal to the other side if you face. Usually, one side of the face is wider, and it bothers people a lot. So, to fix that, you can get filers in your face.

Facial implants

Now, if your face is asymmetrical because your skeletal structure isn’t correct, then that is when you need to go for implants. They are added to your face by a surgical procedure. There are different types of implants available like silicone, plastic, protein, and even metals are used in some cases. They stay in your face forever, and you can have them removed whenever you want.

Some types of asymmetries that are from more fat on one side of your face can be treated with facial exercises as well to make you look attractive.

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Plantar Flexion
Uncategorized

Everything You Need to Know About Plantar Flexion

by Healthlinear
written by Healthlinear

Plantar flexion, by definition, is the movement of the foot when the upper part of your foot moved away from your leg. This happens when you point your toes downwards or when you stand on the tip of your toes. This movement is given a name because many different muscles are responsible for allowing this motion, and you may realize it or not; this motion helps us a lot in everyday things. This movement is more important in some people than others. This movement and the extent that you can stretch your toes or point them vary in different person; some people, even over time, improve this movement in their body, making them able to make this motion at the farthest point.

The knowledge about this movement is very important because any injury that restricts this kind of movement can affect your everyday activities and, in some cases, may even affect your life career.

Activities allowed by plantar flexion motion

Plantar flexion is a movement that allows a different kind of everyday activities and some of these act8vities are as follows

  • It allows the ballet dancers to stand on the top of their toes. This is the highest level of this movement.
  • When you are standing on the tips of your toes to reach something higher, all of that is done with the help of this motion.
  • Pressing down any pedal like with the bicycle and even your gas pedal is done by this movement.
  • When you are stretching, either stand on your toes or point your toes downwards.

These were the movements in which this motion is majorly used, but in other everyday activities like swimming, running, and walking, this motion is used to a very small extent. But if an injury to any muscle related to this movement happens, then these activities are affected as well.

Muscles used in plantar flexion

Plantar flexion requires a different set of muscles to work together. Following are the muscles involved in this motion.

Peroneus Longus

This muscle is present along the length from the lower leg to the biggest toe of your feet, also known as a thumb. This muscle will hold the plantar flexion movement stable while you are in that position and this muscle will also help in the movement where you point your toes outwards.

Peroneus Brevis

Peroneus Brevis is present just below the Peroneus Longus. This muscle is shorter than the peroneus longus muscle. This muscle also holds your stability in the plantar flexion.

Flexor digitorum longus

This muscle is present in the lower leg, and from there, it helps flex all of your toes except the biggest toe of your foot.

Tibialis posterior

This muscle is present in the lower leg as well. This muscle will help not only on the plantar flexion but will also help in the movement where you point your toes inward

Plantaris

This muscle is present in the back of your leg. It starts from the bottom of your thigh bone and reaches the Achilles tendon. This muscle will help in flexing your ankle and knee as well.

Soleus

This muscle is present in the back of your leg and stretches to the Achilles tendon as well. It is one of the major muscles in this movement as it helps you lift your feet from the ground.

Gastrocnemius

This is also one of the main muscles in the plantar flexion, and this muscle is present in the front of your leg to your Achilles heel.

Flexor hallucis longus

This muscle is present deep within your leg, and this will help to flex your toe.

Injury to these muscles

Any injury to these muscles can cause you pain in this type of movement or even in dorsiflexion. This type of injury happens so in the sport and even in ballet dancing. You will experience inflammation and pain in that muscle and will experience pain while doing even your normal tasks.

Treatment from plantar flexion injury

When your muscle gets injured, your plantar flexion will be very restricted, so there are a few things that you should do along with taking pain killers and anti-inflammatory drugs. The things that you can do are

  • Rest as much as you can. Restrict any movement that may bring you pain.
  • Compression is the best way to get rid of such pains.
  • Icing will help relieve the pain and inflammation as well.
  • Elevate your feet by placing them on a pillow.

This is all that is needed to know about plantar flexion.

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Metoidioplasty
Human Body MapsUncategorized

Metoidioplasty – Single Stage Reassignment Surgery

by Healthlinear
written by Healthlinear

Synopsis:

Metoidioplasty is a genital-affirming lower body surgery for female-to-male transgenders. The main purpose of the surgery is to create male-like genitalia that has the capability to urinate while standing and has a satisfactory aesthetic appearance. This masculinizing surgery creates a male penis by lengthening and straightening the clitoris which has been hormonally enlarged.

The ligaments around the erectile tissue of the clitoris are cut to release it from the pubis thus lengthening the shaft. The urethra is incorporated into the penis and the skin from the labia and outer labia is used to add girth to the penis. Metoidioplasty surgery is often combined with additional procedures like scrotoplasty, ligament removal, and urethral lengthening to accomplish satisfactory postoperative results.

The objective is to create a penis that can experience sexual sensation, get erections without implants, and pee while standing, not to achieve penetration. 

There are four basic forms of Metoidioplasty:

  • Simple release
  • Full Metoidioplasty
  • Ring Metoidioplasty
  • Centurion Metoidioplasty

Simple release

The simple release is also called the simple Meta. The simple release surgery involves releasing the clitoris from the surrounding tissue of the pubis. It does not involve modification of the urethra or vagina but increases the length and exposure of the penis.

Full Metoidioplasty

A full metoidioplasty involves surgically releasing the clitoris from the pubis and then using a graft from the inside of your cheek to connect the neophallus with the urethra. A full metoidioplasty may also include removal of the vagina (a vaginectomy) and insertion of scrotal implants.

Ring Metoidioplasty

Ring Metoidioplasty is a procedure that is quite like the full metoidioplasty. In this case, however, the tissue graft is not taken from the inside of your cheek, but instead, a graft is taken from the vaginal wall and combined with the labia majora to connect the neophallus and urethra. The greatest advantage of having a ring metoidioplasty is that your body has to undergo healing on only one site. It also limits the complications that could arise from oral surgery like pain while eating and decreased saliva production.

Centurion metoidioplasty

In the Centurion Metoidioplasty procedure, the ligaments that go up to the labia from the labia majora are released and wrapped around the newly created penis to add extra girth. The Centurion Metoidioplasty does not need a tissue graft from the inner cheek or vaginal wall, which means there are fewer complications, less surgical scarring and pain.

Surgical Readiness Assessment

To assess whether you are ready for Metoidioplasty surgery, you will need to consult with qualified assessors and complete a surgical readiness assessment. If you meet the eligibility and criteria required, a surgeon will take over your case. The surgeon will study the case and may carry out further assessments if needed. Before the actual surgery takes place, you must discuss your needs and expectations with your surgeon in detail. Some points that should be discussed with the surgeon are:

  • The primary surgical goal for the gender-affirming surgery, like sexual penetration, standing to pee, erectile function etc.
  • The surgical procedures are available for your case and the advantages and disadvantages of each technique.
  • Ask to see photographs of successful and unsuccessful outcomes of their patients.
  • Any medications that should be avoided before your surgery.
  • The options you have in case your surgical results are not what you expected in terms of appearance and sexual function.
  • Any possible complications and risks associated with the various techniques.
  • The surgeon's success and complication rates for the procedure.

Metoidioplasty Surgery Procedure

While surgical techniques employed from one surgeon to another vary, the commonly followed procedure is as follows:

  1. Extended hormone replacement therapy is a prerequisite to enlarge the erectile tissue of the clitoris enough for the surgery. This may take between 1 to 3 years.
  2. During the surgery, the ligaments that hold the clitoris in place under pubic bone are severed.
  3. The clitoris is released from the pubis by cutting the surrounding tissue and used to create a penis.
  4. The urethra is then extended through your penis.
  5. The fat is pulled up from the pubis and used to bring the penis to the front.
  6. The external genitals are removed and grafted around the penis to add girth.
  7. If opted for, the vagina is removed or closed, and the labia are reshaped into a scrotum with or without testicular implants.

Common complications associated with Metoidioplasty

All surgery entails some risks. Common complications may include adverse reactions to the anaesthetic used, clots, infections, blood loss etc. You should discuss the risks with your surgeon. A few complications specifically associated with Metoidioplasty are as follows:

  • Abscess: A bacterial infection causes pus to collect under the site of the incision. It has to be treated with antibiotics or drained by a surgeon.
  • Loss of Sensation:  Even though the risks for this are lower than in a phalloplasty, but some decreased sensation is still possible.
  • Seroma: A seroma occurs when clear fluid collects in the surgical site. Smaller seromas can be sucked or aspirated locally, however surgery might be required if the seromas are larger. 
  • Haematoma: A haematoma is the most common complication after Metoidioplasty. It occurs when blood accumulates in the surgical site. This causes pain and swelling. Like seromas, smaller haematomas can be sucked out locally, however, surgery might be required if the haematomas are larger. 
  • Scarring: Scarring may be prevented with massage exercises and avoiding the sun. However, surgical revision can correct severe scarring.
  • Dissatisfaction:  You might not be happy with the results achieved in terms of appearance or function, in which case you can consult with your surgeon to see if surgical revision is a possibility.

Post-op care after Metoidioplasty surgery

You should expect to spend three nights in the hospital after surgery, as well as seven more in the recovery residence. The recovery time would be shorter if do not opt for a urethra lengthening. You will also be expected to be on a painkiller and antibiotics regimen to prevent infections. You will also be on medication to make your transition easier, to ease bowel movements, and relax muscles, to prevent nausea and bladder spasms. For the duration of the healing and recovery process, the following symptoms are to be expected:

  • Bleeding
  • Itching
  • Swelling
  • Bruising
  • Numbness
  • Difficulty urinating
  • Occasional nerve sensations
  • Pinkness or redness of the scars  

You should try to check in with your primary care provider regularly for the first few months after your surgery.

How do Metoidioplasty results differ from Phalloplasty?

Metoidioplasty and Phalloplasty are the two most common forms of lower gender reassignment surgeries for AFAB Trans and non-binary people. While Metoidioplasty creates a phallus (or penis) from a clitoris that has been enlarged hormonally after taking testosterone, phalloplasty uses a large tissue graft taken from the torso, arm, or leg to recreate a penis.

If we consider Metoidioplasty vs Phalloplasty, both procedures have their unique advantages and drawbacks.

Pros and cons of metoidioplasty

Some pros and cons of having Metoidioplasty rather than Phalloplasty are as follows:

Metoidioplasty vs Phalloplasty Pros

  • Metoidioplasty results in a new phallus that maintains the erotic sensitivity of the clitoris.
  • The penis is fully functioning that has a natural erectile function, and doesn’t need a penile prosthesis to achieve an erection.
  • Metoidioplasty results in the minimal visible scarring as opposed to the large scars left by phalloplasty.
  • Metoidioplasty is usually a single-stage surgery. Even with any additional surgeries required to achieve the desired results in appearance or function, it still involves fewer surgical procedures than phalloplasty.
  • Metoidioplasty carries a lower risk of complications than phalloplasty, though both procedures carry the risk of usually minor side effects.
  • Metoidioplasty has a shorter healing and recovery time than phalloplasty.
  • It is considerably more affordable than phalloplasty.

Metoidioplasty vs Phalloplasty Cons

  • The new phallus created in Metoidioplasty is fairly small in size, both in terms of length and girth, and can measure anywhere between 3 to 8 cm in length.
  • Patients are less likely to sexually penetrate during coitus, even though they can achieve an erection.
  • Metoidioplasty requires extensive hormone replacement therapy to achieve the clitoral growth required for the procedure.

FAQs about Metoidioplasty

Which is better Metoidioplasty vs Phalloplasty?
Both options have pros and cons, discussed earlier in the article.

How much growth is needed for Metoidioplasty?
Significant clitoral growth following the use of testosterone is required. Usually one needs to be on testosterone therapy for anywhere between one to two years before having Metoidioplasty.

How much does Metoidioplasty cost?
The cost of surgery will vary between depending on your surgeon, location, and the procedures you have performed. The cost of metoidioplasty can ranges from $4,000 for a Simple Release to as much as $60,000 for a full Meta.

What is TransBucket?
Transbucket is an online health care and surgery resource for the Trans community, from FTMs to MTFs to genderqueers, agender individuals, and everyone else who could benefit from exploring real life photo experiences.

Does insurance cover gender assignment surgery?
Federal and state laws prohibit most public and private health plans from discriminating against you because you are transgender. This means, that with a few exceptions, it is illegal discrimination for your health insurance plan to refuse to cover medically necessary transition-related care.

References:

https://www.metoidioplasty.net/

Djordjevic, Miroslav L et al. “Metoidioplasty: techniques and outcomes.” Translational andrology and urology vol. 8,3 (2019): 248-253. doi:10.21037/tau.2019.06.12
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6626308/

Morrison SD, Perez MG, Carter CK, Crane CN. “Pre- and Post-Operative Care With Associated Intra-Operative Techniques for Phalloplasty In Female-to-Male Patients”. Urol Nurs. 2015 May-Jun;35(3):134-8. PMID: 26298948.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26298948/

Monstrey SJ, Ceulemans P, Hoebeke P. Sex Reassignment Surgery in the Female-to-Male Transsexual. Semin Plast Surg. 2011 Aug;25(3):229-44. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1281493. PMID: 22851915; PMCID: PMC3312187.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22851915/

Frey, Jordan D. MD; Poudrier, Grace BA; Chiodo, Michael V. MD. Hazen, Alexes MD. A Systematic Review of Metoidioplasty and Radial Forearm Flap Phalloplasty in Female-to-male Transgender Genital Reconstruction: Is the “Ideal” Neophallus an Achievable Goal? Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open: December 2016 - Volume 4 - Issue 12 - p e1131 doi: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000001131
https://journals.lww.com/prsgo/fulltext/2016/12000/a_systematic_review_of_metoidioplasty_and_radial.9.aspx

Bizic M, Stojanovic B, Bencic M, Bordás N, Djordjevic M. Overview on metoidioplasty: variants of the technique. Int J Impot Res. 2020 Aug 21. doi: 10.1038/s41443-020-00346-y. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32826970.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32826970/

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cricoid cartilage
Uncategorized

Cricoid Cartilage, its Function, and Importance in the Human Body

by Healthlinear
written by Healthlinear

Just like every part in the human body; cricoid cartilage has its own importance and functionality. Without this cartilage, there will be noting to support your windpipe. It also helps with the production of speech by opening and closing. Every bone in our body has great importance, and they each lay a different role that helps us in one way or another.  It is important to know such things because general knowledge about such things can help you increase your knowledge about your own body.

Cricoid cartilage

The placement of the cricoid cartilage is just below the thyroid cartilage and is present in the pig as well. It is attached to the thyroid cartilage with the cricothyroid ligament. As you know, the tracheal tube is formed in the shape of small circular rings, and the cricoid is resent just above it. The first ring of the tracheal tube is attached to the cricoid cartilage with the circo-tracheal ligament. Now the thyroid gland themselves has the anatomical relation with the cricoid cartilage. The thyroid glands are two in number and they are connected by a bridge.

The bridge is present over the trachea, which is present above the cricoid cartilage. The bridge itself is known as the isthmus. The thyroid glands, on the other hand, are present on each side above the cricoid cartilage. So that is why all these structures are related to each other are joined together one way or another.

Cricoid cartilage as hyaline cartilage

The cricoid cartilage is hyaline cartilage, and it acts as the inferior part of the skeleton. It provides great support, and without the presence of cricoid cartilage along with the thyroid cartilage, the patency of the airway is possible. So, all these small cartilage bones make up the whole important structure in your body. The cricoid is the Greek word for the ring. It is named so because the cricoid cartilage looks like the signet ring. As you know that the it is the hyaline cartilage.

An important thing about the hyaline cartilage is that they are soft at first, and then as the person ages, it becomes hard along with the aging process. So, the same is the case with it as it is softer at first, and as the person’s age develops, it hardens and develops accordingly with it. It is the only cartilage in the full ring form in your whole body. It is also the second-largest cartilage in the laryngeal skeleton.

Important functions

There are many important functions of the cricoid cartilage and following are some of them

  • The main function is that it contributes towards the formation of the structure of the larynx.
  • It also maintains the patency of the trachea.
  • Another function of it is to act as the point of connection between some of the important ligaments, muscles, and cartilages.
  • It helps with the phonation process somehow and also aids in the closing of the airway when you are eating something. It helps with the phonation process by adduction and abduction of the vocal cords.
  • In a medical setting, the it's importance is known for the anatomical representation in the cricothyroidotomy. The use to develop an alternate airway is the role of the cricoid cartilage.
  • Since it helps with the support of the trachea, then it also holds its importance in the clitoridectomy.

Clinical significance of cricoid cartilage

The cricoid cartilage has great clinical significance, and that makes the understanding of its anatomy and functions very essential. The following are some of the reasons why it has great clinical significance.

  • Basically, during the intubation for general anesthesia before the surgery in the patient, the cricoid cartilage is first pressed so any gastric reflux can be avoided. This technique is known as the Sellick maneuver and is a very important technique as a pre-surgery thing.
  • Sometimes the blockages within the trachea can happen and is a very painful experience, so in such pain, the cricoidectomy is done, and this means that it is removed to relieve any obstructions.
  • Sometimes due to throttling, the fractures to the cricoid cartilage can happen. This can take time to heal if the damage done during strangulation is not that bad.

All these things show the clinical significance of the cricoid cartilage. It makes us understand why the understanding of this cartilage is important for clinical purposes. It plays different functions and has different importance features.

Abnormalities

Just like any part or organ of the body, there can be some of the abnormalities with the cricoid cartilage in the human body as well. This can lead to the irregular or even loss of the function of the it. Any abnormalities occur in the development stage of the body, and the developmental mechanism of the circoid cartilage is chondrification in the mesenchyme commencing, and these parts join afterward first posteriorly and then anteriorly. Following are some of the abnormalities that can happen with it's development. You must know that this is very rare on the people and where any appearance of such abnormality is in the early fetal stage of life and can be identified easily

  • Basically, it can have excessive growth in the circumferential area. This situation can lead to the narrowing of the lumen, and thus the circoid cartilage gets thicker with a very narrow lumen.
  • Other problem could be the excessive growth in the posterior wall, and that can cause the obstruction the laryngeal lumen

The signs and symptoms of these abnormalities include the dyspnea which can be present in the person from the birth. It can also develop shortly after birth as growth occurs. You have to consult the doctor, so this problem can be identified quickly. In some of the cases, they might even end up removing the circoid cartilage permanently if any other resolve isn’t working.

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colloidal copper
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How Colloidal Copper Affects Your Skin?

by Healthlinear
written by Healthlinear

If you are looking for a supplement to keep yourself healthy then colloidal copper is one of them. It is possible that you might have heard about colloidal silver, colloidal copper is just similar to that one. Colloidal copper is basically a mixture of pure water, and molecules of copper are added in that water. Usually, when you will buy this colloidal copper it will already be in a form of the liquefied mixture and in a bottle. Copper molecules are being used in several other medications as well. However, according to recent research, it has been proved that molecules in it are easily digestible. And as far as its use is concerned then it is up to you that if you want to drink it directly, or if you want to use it with something else.

Effects of Colloidal Copper

Further, you must now that what exactly does this colloidal copper do to your body. Several types of research have been performed on this supplement, and it has been claimed that it is being used in several different treatments like normal skin infections, simple wounds, and little skin burns. It is also helpful to stop osteoporosis. Moreover if you have cardiovascular problems then it is best for that as well. Moreover, it also supports your immune system and makes your body resistant to several different diseases. Further, it also decreases several ageing effects as well. Several types of research have been on copper in these recent years to find out all about its benefits for human skin. And no doubt most of the results that were found are positive.

Different Products of Colloidal Copper

Basically colloidal copper comes in several different forms which include bottled liquid, bottled spray and combined with other medications. So its use depends on that which form your purchase it in. Now there are two major methods of using colloidal copper. They are by drinking it directly or applying the mixture on your skin depending on the prescription. People usually ignore to read the label for the usage of medicines, but actually, it is really necessary.

So whenever you purchase any product of colloidal copper then make sure that you read the complete directions provided with it. Because using such supplements in a proper method is really necessary, otherwise, you have to face its side effects which could get worse as well. There is no doubt that it is a safe product as it comes with pre-water. The risk factor for using this supplement is also very low. But there is no known instruction that how much quantity should be consumed for which type of health problem.

Dosage

You must know that consumption of something excessively is really dangerous for health. First of all, you have to make sure that this colloidal copper is just for the use of adults. It should not be applied to children or even pregnant women. And even for other adults, you have limited the daily dosage of colloidal copper. This can be almost 10 mg for a single day. And if are feeling that you are going through any of the illnesses after you have started using it like vomiting, nausea, fever, pain in the stomach, low or high blood pressure, heart problems, or diarrhea then without any further notice you should instantly stop using it. There is no doubt that consumption of copper is good for health. However as it is discussed above that excess usage of anything is harmful to health.

Harmful Effects

If you get an overdose of colloidal copper then it will affect directly to your lungs and kidney. Since colloidal copper has been considered as the supplement, drug authorities have separated supplements from the category of drugs and medications. Due to that, they have not done any kind of quality test on supplements.

So now it is up to you that if you choose products of some renowned American company or some low-quality products of a local company. Besides whenever you purchase any product of colloidal copper then you should read all the instructions written on to it. You should also go through all the ingredients added to it. The reason behind this is that few ingredients may seem to be allergic to your body.

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subscapularis tear
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Subscapularis Tear and How to Heal it

by Healthlinear
written by Healthlinear

To understand the subscapularis tear we need to know the real function of the muscles and what happens when they tear up. Muscles are a very important part of the body just like every other part and they help the body with the movement just as the subscapularis muscles do. The subscapularis muscle is the muscle in your shoulder which helps the arm to rotate. It helps the arm in internal rotation. The internal rotation is the type of rotation in which your hands are facing backwards and then you can rotate them around with your palm facing the front. The subscapularis muscle is the largest muscle in the rotator cuff. The rotator cuff is basically the group of the muscles that attach your upper arm with your shoulder.

These muscles help with moving your arm upward and in any direction that it needs the rotations from the shoulder joint. These muscles are very important and for the arm to work well these muscles should work well. Such muscles and especially the Subscapularis muscles are present in the upper arm and attached to the humerus. These muscles are so important that even a tear in the muscles can cause your arm to become useless until the healing process is over. Muscle tears are very painful and there are a number of the reasons behind that. But since muscles need time to heal, a person with muscular tear should rest those muscles a lot.

Reasons behind the Subscapularis tear

Subscapularis tear is very painful and they make your arm very difficult to move. You can forget any heavy activity with that arm until the healing is done. The tear of this kind usually happens where the muscle joins the humerus by the tendon. There can be a number of reasons for the Subscapularis tear. You may also be facing the tendinopathy instead.  Following are some of the reasons behind it

  • In young children, the subscapularis tear usually happens due to a muscle injury. It may happen when the arm of that person is overextended. This usually happens when kids are playing or mostly on the athletes.
  • When it comes to older people the age-related degeneration starts and along with the bones it effects a lot of the other body parts as well like the muscles. In this age you are not supposed to do heavy work because the muscles easily get hurt at this age.
  • Shoulder impingement is another thing to be blamed for the Subscapularis tear.  When one of the muscles from the shoulder cuff gets impinged then tear. The Subscapularis muscle may also happen because of the increased pressure on that muscle.

Symptoms

Symptoms of a disease or disorder if well understood can help identify that disease or disorder from any resembling one. This is why you should learn the signs and symptoms of the subscapularis tear. So you will know that you need the medical attention and you won’t think of it as a normal pain in the muscles. Following are some of the symptoms that appear when you have the subscapularis tear and also when you have a cuff tear

  • You will experience pain that gets worse at night
  • You will have to face the pain when you try to lift your arm.
  • There will be a weakness in your shoulder and arms. You won’t be able to do your task well with this arm.

Now following are some of the symptoms that appear only with the subscapularis tear so you will be able to differentiate the subscapularis tear with the cuff tear.

  • You will experience pain just under your collar bones
  • You will feel weakness in your biceps
  • There will be an involuntary movement of the arms. Your palms will be facing the forward by rotation in your arm without you doing it yourself.
  • You won’t be able to reach for something in the back pocket of your jeans.

All these symptoms together make it pretty clear that you have had a subscapularis tear. For that, you will need to visit the doctor as soon as you start facing these symptoms.

Diagnosis of subscapularis tear

During the diagnosis of the subscapularis tear there are different tests that are performed to see if you actually have subscapularis tear or not. Once the symptoms mentioned above are told by you, the doctor will be able to narrow it down to the subscapularis tear. Following tests are performed in order to confirm the subscapularis tear.

  • The first test is the Lift-off test. In this test the doctor asks you to put your hand on your lower back and lift it. If you can’t lift your hand then it shows you have a subscapularis tear.
  • Bear-hug test is another test and in this test doctor will ask you to hold your opposite shoulder with the affected arm. When the doctor tries to pull off your arm by moving your forearm in the outward direction you will lose hold of your shoulder or will be holding with very much difficulty. This will indicate that you have subscapularis tear.
  • In the belly-press test, if you push your stomach down with the affected arm and if it hurts to do so then it must be because of the subscapularis tear.

Even if all these things don’t confirm the subscapularis tear the doctor may also perform an MRI on you.

Treatment and recovery

If the tear is very small then the doctor will ask you to take NSAIDs to help with inflammation and pain. The doctor might also recommend the hot or ice packs so that you don’t feel much pain. But even after 6 months, the tears are still there or if the tear was initially of bigger size then the surgery is the only answer. Doctors may perform the surgery by inserting the camera through slits or by the traditional surgery methods. After the treatment, you will be moving towards rehabilitation process. In this, you will be given a few workouts after the tear has been healed so that your muscles can be stronger from the workout.

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butt massage
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Butt Massage and its Benefits

by Healthlinear
written by Healthlinear

Butt massage is one of the most soothing therapy and the butt massage involves basically massaging of the gluteal muscles. Gluteal muscles are present in the butt area and mainly but consists of these muscles and some fat. There are three types of the gluteal muscles, the gluteus maximus, the gluteus medius and the gluteus minimum. The shape of the hips is defined by the gluteal muscles and various exercises are used to make your gluteal muscles more round and firm shape. These muscles are the largest muscles in the body and they help the body instability, posture and movement of the body. So, making sure that your gluteal muscles are healthy and pain-free is very important.

Some people due to their work-life have no time for exercise and that is why the muscles get stiff and even if you are working out, a massage is good for the muscles. Butt massage is very stress relieving especially if your muscles are injured or weak they will help the healing process and help them stay active. Basically, the butt massage will help your muscles to stretch and push and they improve with the movement of the muscles and will also increase the stability of these muscles. There are multiple reasons why people get the butt massage and it is maybe because of a hard workout day at the gym, relieving a tight ass and also as a sensual massage by your partners.

Benefits of the Butt massage

There are a lot of the benefits of the butt massage and in fact, the massage is good for all of the muscles. But the massage for the buttocks has a lot more of the benefits and will help you a lot on your daily life with a busy schedule. Most of the people especially the couples get it for fun purposes as well.

Leg pain

Butt massage has a great benefit over the leg pain. If you are feeling some of the leg pains you should get a butt massage. It will have an effect on all of your leg muscles including with the gluteal muscles. The leg pains that are in the back of your leg are easily relived and thus help you a lot with the movement. Following are some of the conditions that the butt massage may help with

  • Bursitis is the condition where the sacs of fluid in your joints get inflamed.
  • Tight muscles because of the over activity of them
  • Or inactivity of the muscles.

Back pain

Butt massage is very good for the back pain and most of the people go through this kind of pain. Usually, massage therapies are very effective for this but some of the time people have to get the medicines and also may have to get the surgeries if the pain is worse. But butt massage therapy, when the pain is still at its early stage may heal the pain after all. Following are the reasons why these pains in the back occur

  • Sciatica
  • Tight glutes
  • Tailbone pain
  • Herniated disc
  • A fall or an injury

Improved performance for athletes

Being an athlete your muscles should stay strong and stable and that means you need to often get the massages so that your muscles can relax and butt massage is one of them. If you need the strength in the lower part of your body then getting butt massages will help you relieve a lot of the pain. It will also help you with a better movement that will support your athletic performances. If your gluteal is weak then there will be more chances of the injury. Having any kind of injury will also help you with the healing process. You can also soak yourself in a hot bath to relax your muscles every once in a while.

Pregnancy

In pregnancy, girls should get the deep tissue massage because being pregnant your belly is stretched and this may affect your back. So for the better movement, you should get your butt massages regularly.

Sensual massage

People enjoy sensual massages from their partners a lot. This may put a good effect in your relationship as well since it helps you with spicing things up a little bit. Getting g a deep tissue massage from your significant other will be good for you.

Places you can get butt massages from

Physiotherapist and massage therapists are the people whom you should visit for the butt massage. Being a professional at the massage therapy they will guide you better and will know what to do to make it easier for your muscles to relax. Massage therapy by the physiotherapists can be done along with some other moves and stretches. When it comes to the massage therapists you can get a full body massage and you can even can ask the masseuse to focus on the butt area along with the other stress points in your body.

Most of the insurance companies don’t cover the cost of the massage therapy. However some may do and most of them do cover the physiotherapy costs. But still, make sure that your insurance company will cover them. Make sure to get the paperwork done before so that you won’t have to pay for these sessions on your own in the end. Usually, insurance companies allow that when you have these sessions written in the form of the prescription.

The technique of the butt massage

When you get a massage from message therapist you will have to be naked. However the therapist will make sure that only the parts that should be massage are exposed. The massage therapist knows a few butt massage techniques like the deep tissue massage, sports massage and also the Swedish massage. Rubbing your booty will circulate your blood and help you with the muscular movements too. This type of massage can also be given at home. There is also some special massage equipment for this like the foam rollers that you can roll on you bare bottoms so that you will feel relaxed.

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